The Kyiv School of Economics (KSE) also reports that between the start of the invasion on February 24th through March 24th, at least 4,431 residential buildings, 92 factories and warehouses, 378 schools, 138 healthcare institutions, 12 airports, and seven thermal power and hydroelectric power plants have been damaged, destroyed, or seized. Ukrainian officials have reported that so far in April, Russian forces have destroyed the country’s only fully functioning oil refinery and have hit other critical infrastructure. 

To calculate the cost of Ukraine’s damaged infrastructure, KSE researchers analyzed data submitted by civilians, the Ministry of Infrastructure, and local authorities. They also employed indirect methods, such as calculating the estimated area of war-damaged property in the most impacted cities. 

The effects of the invasion are not only curtailing Ukraine but also Europe. Growing European sanctions against Russia and the ongoing decimation of Ukraine’s construction industry have heavily restricted the availability of materials, such as copper, iron, steel, timber, pallets, and clay for ceramic tiles across Europe. This will likely go on to slow the global economy, as a whole.