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Mecanoo

Mecanoo

Delft, NL | Kaohsiung, Taiwan | New York, NY

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 Image by Iwan Baan.
Image by Iwan Baan.
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National Kaohsiung Centre for the Arts

Kaohsiung is an informal, lively city of almost three million inhabitants. Not only is it the second largest city in Taiwan and one of the world’s largest sea ports, but also host to a dramatic sub-tropical climate of typhoons, high temperatures, heavy rainfall and regular earthquakes. The new 140,000 square-metre performance complex must cope with all of these extremes. 

Barking dogs and banyan trees

The location for this building is a former sixty-five hectare military compound in the centre of the metropolitan area of Kaohsiung – a place which is intended to become a sort of ‘Central Park’ for the city. When we first visit the site in 2006 it is still a fenced-off zone of military barracks occupied by a lot of wild, barking dogs. It’s also dense with banyan trees, their twisting trunks and branches having gradually interlocked over decades. Their aerial shoots grow down into the soil forming additional trunks, spreading over an astonishingly wide area, and the crowns of these trunks become one, like a huge umbrella. According to local legend, Alexander the Great once sheltered his entire army beneath the crown of a single tree.

The form of the banyan reflects the local climate. Its wide crown, providing shelter against the sun and rain, is a perfect expression of Kaohsiung’s humid atmosphere. In the sub-tropics the sun sets at around six or seven o’clock and, just as it disappears beneath the horizon, the city comes to life. During these twilight hours as the temperature cools people stroll the streets, shop for their groceries, and eat outside. Under the canopies, as well as under the trees, informal performances occur: people dance, play music, perform plays, or practice Tai Chi. What we see, hear, feel, taste and smell on this first trip to Taiwan inspires us to somehow harness this unique urban atmosphere.

A continuation of the park

We wonder whether the banyan tree could help us to create a combination of formal and informal performance spaces. In this way the building would be full of life around the clock; a natural continuation of the park. We know that good public buildings need good public space, a mantra which is central to our approach to civic architecture: think of the Library of Birmingham’s sunken amphitheatre, or La Llotja de Lleida’s urban stage beneath a cantilever, using the stairs of an adjacent building as audience seating. The formal qualities of these three buildings are very different but they have one thing in common: they are a perfect match with their respective locations, cultures and climates.

The open, protective shape of the banyan tree becomes a springboard for the design. Its expansive sheltered crown becomes the Banyan Plaza, a partially enclosed public space where the cooling wind can freely flow. Between the four formal performance halls, which form the ‘trunks’ that support the undulating roof, a topography rising from ground level to plus five metres becomes part of the park’s landscape. Where the roof touches the earth the building becomes an amphitheatre, open towards the surrounding parkland which, in turn, becomes both its stage and its set.

Cargo ship

Each performance venue and foyer has its own unique atmosphere and together create one fluidly connected space. The walls and continuous ceiling surface of the Banyan Plaza is a neutral white, allowing for artificial light and projections to alter the mood. With twelve chandeliers suspended against the billowing form of the plaza, the building can really dress up for the night! But a question remains: how do you materialise a space the size of a cargo ship, almost 160 metres wide and 225 metres long? Should it be clad in stucco, tiles, aluminium, or steel?

A Piece of Banyan

In 2008 we are invited to design a pavilion for the Salone del Mobile in Milan. We decide to build ‘A Piece of Banyan’ – a 1:4 scale model of a sliced fragment, twenty metres long and three and a half metres wide, to research and test the proposed ceramic tile cladding for the Banyan Plaza. We affix tiles to the model reminiscent of the craquelé of Chinese porcelain and we also test the ambient lighting. The changing colours and atmospheres are spectacular; the tile cladding on the curved facades, on the other hand, is less of a success. For one, it’s raining heavily in Milan and is impossible to glue the tiles to the ceiling.

We continue our search for the building’s skin and the idea arises to use the finely tuned, locally accessible techniques of Kaohsiung’s ship building industry. We convince everyone that the Banyan Plaza should have the detailing of a cargo ship, and not of a luxury yacht. There should be hoist points, for example, so that lights, banners and fabric can be hung. We don’t want to aim for a perfectly smooth façade – we want to employ the ship builders to do what they do best: create a durable, long-lasting skin on a scale that some contractors would be intimidated by. We ultimately want the building to look like a ship on the land.

The four halls

Each of the four performance halls has its own acoustic challenge, and so we collaborate with acoustician Albert Xu. He constructs a 1:10 scale model to test the performance of the most complicated venue: the 2000-seat Concert Hall. Despite its size we want the theatre to have an intimate feel. Wouldn’t it be great if every member of the audience could see the hands of the pianist? We choose the shape of a stepped vineyard with a stage at its centre, so that terraces at different floor heights encircle the podium. With seating on all sides of the stage, the audience is in close proximity to the performance itself. The public enters the oak-lined from the ground floor and spiraling ramps lead them to their golden seats.

The 2260-seat Lyric Theatre (also known as the Opera House) is arranged in the form of a horseshoe with three circled balconies. The seating is upholstered in a mixture of red and purple fabrics with a pattern of Taiwanese flowers, contrasting with the darker walls. This theatre is not only suitable for Western opera, with an orchestra of over seventy musicians, but can also be acoustically adapted to accommodate Chinese opera by manoeuvring a suspended acoustic canopy.

The Playhouse, with its 1,243 seats in Mecanoo Blue, is designed to host a variety of drama and dance performances. Flexibility is the core element in the design of this multifunctional space. The layout is adaptable and can be changed from a typical proscenium stage with the audience in front, to a thrust stage with the audience on three sides.

The 470-seat Recital Hall has the most intimate atmosphere of the four. With its asymmetrical composition and seating across two levels, it is designed for chamber music and recital performances. The seats have the same golden fabric as the Concert Hall and oak lines the walls. The upper part of this hall is enclosed by a circle of sound absorbing curtains, allowing for the reverberation time within the space to be tuned to specific types of performance.

 
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Status: Built
Location: Kaohsiung, TW
Additional Credits: Size: 141,000 m2
Status: Completed
Project Design: 2007 - 2011
Project Realisation: 2010 - 2018
Address: Zhōngzhèng 1st Rd 7, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Client: Ministry of Culture (MoC)

Programme: Theatre complex in the Wei-Wu-Ying Metropolitan Park with a total capacity of 5861 seats: Concert Hall 1981 seats, Opera House 2236 seats, Playhouse 1210 seats, Recital Hall 434 seats, public library of 800 m2, rehearsal/education halls for music and dance, 2 congress halls with 100 and 200 chairs and stage building workshops. Including 7ha landscape.

 
During the twilight hours as the temperature cools people stroll the streets, shop for their groceries, and eat outside.
During the twilight hours as the temperature cools people stroll the streets, shop for their groceries, and eat outside.
Under the canopies, as well as under the trees, informal performances occur: people dance, play music, perform plays, or practice Tai Chi.
Under the canopies, as well as under the trees, informal performances occur: people dance, play music, perform plays, or practice Tai Chi.
The form of the banyan trees reflects the local climate. It's wide crown, providing shelter against sun and rain, is a perfect expression of Kaohsiung's humid atmosphere. The open, protective shape of the banyan tree becomes a springboard for the design. Its expansive sheltered crown becomes the Banyan Plaza.
The form of the banyan trees reflects the local climate. It's wide crown, providing shelter against sun and rain, is a perfect expression of Kaohsiung's humid atmosphere. The open, protective shape of the banyan tree becomes a springboard for the design. Its expansive sheltered crown becomes the Banyan Plaza.
The Banyan Plaza, a partially enclosed public space where the cooling wind can freely flow. Between the four formal performance halls, which form the ‘trunks’ that support the undulating roof, a topography rising from ground level to plus five metres becomes part of the park’s landscape. Image by Iwan Baan.
The Banyan Plaza, a partially enclosed public space where the cooling wind can freely flow. Between the four formal performance halls, which form the ‘trunks’ that support the undulating roof, a topography rising from ground level to plus five metres becomes part of the park’s landscape. Image by Iwan Baan.
Image by Shawn Liu Studio.
Image by Shawn Liu Studio.
Image by Shawn Liu Studio.
Image by Shawn Liu Studio.
Image by National Kaohsiung Center for the Arts (Weiwuying).
Image by National Kaohsiung Center for the Arts (Weiwuying).
Image by National Kaohsiung Center for the Arts (Weiwuying).
Image by National Kaohsiung Center for the Arts (Weiwuying).
Crown Hall gallery. Image by Shawn Liu Studio.
Crown Hall gallery. Image by Shawn Liu Studio.
Crown Hall. Image by Shawn Liu Studio.
Crown Hall. Image by Shawn Liu Studio.
Image by Sytze Boonstra.
Image by Sytze Boonstra.
The 1981-seat Concert Hall is shaped like a stepped vineyard with a stage at its centre, with terraces at different floor heights encircle the podium. Image by Shawn Liu Studio.
The 1981-seat Concert Hall is shaped like a stepped vineyard with a stage at its centre, with terraces at different floor heights encircle the podium. Image by Shawn Liu Studio.
With seating on all sides of the stage, the audience is in close proximity to the performance itself. Image by Shawn Liu Studio.
With seating on all sides of the stage, the audience is in close proximity to the performance itself. Image by Shawn Liu Studio.
The public enters the oak-lined from the ground floor and spiraling ramps lead them to their golden seats. Image by Ethan Lee.
The public enters the oak-lined from the ground floor and spiraling ramps lead them to their golden seats. Image by Ethan Lee.
The 434-seat Recital Hall has the most intimate atmosphere of the four. With its asymmetrical composition and seating across two levels, it is designed for chamber music and recital performances. Image by Sytze Boonstra.
The 434-seat Recital Hall has the most intimate atmosphere of the four. With its asymmetrical composition and seating across two levels, it is designed for chamber music and recital performances. Image by Sytze Boonstra.
Image by Iwan Baan.
Image by Iwan Baan.
The seats in the Recital Hall have the same golden fabric as the Concert Hall and oak lines the walls. The upper part of this hall is enclosed by a circle of sound absorbing curtains, allowing for the reverberation time within the space to be tuned to specific types of performance. Image by Ethan Lee.
The seats in the Recital Hall have the same golden fabric as the Concert Hall and oak lines the walls. The upper part of this hall is enclosed by a circle of sound absorbing curtains, allowing for the reverberation time within the space to be tuned to specific types of performance. Image by Ethan Lee.
The Playhouse, with its 1210-seat in Mecanoo Blue, is designed to host a variety of drama and dance performances. Flexibility is the core element in the design of this multifunctional space. Image by National Kaohsiung Center for the Arts (Weiwuying).
The Playhouse, with its 1210-seat in Mecanoo Blue, is designed to host a variety of drama and dance performances. Flexibility is the core element in the design of this multifunctional space. Image by National Kaohsiung Center for the Arts (Weiwuying).
Image by National Kaohsiung Center for the Arts (Weiwuying).
Image by National Kaohsiung Center for the Arts (Weiwuying).
In the Playhouse, the layout is adaptable and can be changed from a typical proscenium stage with the audience in front, to a thrust stage with the audience on three sides. Image by Ethan Lee.
In the Playhouse, the layout is adaptable and can be changed from a typical proscenium stage with the audience in front, to a thrust stage with the audience on three sides. Image by Ethan Lee.
The 2236-seat Opera House is arranged in the form of a horseshoe with three circled balconies. This theatre is suitable for Western opera, with an orchestra of over seventy musicians. Image by National Kaohsiung Center for the Arts (Weiwuying).
The 2236-seat Opera House is arranged in the form of a horseshoe with three circled balconies. This theatre is suitable for Western opera, with an orchestra of over seventy musicians. Image by National Kaohsiung Center for the Arts (Weiwuying).
Image by National Kaohsiung Center for the Arts (Weiwuying).
Image by National Kaohsiung Center for the Arts (Weiwuying).
The seating is upholstered in a mixture of red and purple fabrics with a pattern of Taiwanese flowers, contrasting with the darker walls. Image by Ethan Lee.
The seating is upholstered in a mixture of red and purple fabrics with a pattern of Taiwanese flowers, contrasting with the darker walls. Image by Ethan Lee.
Image by Sytze Boonstra.
Image by Sytze Boonstra.
Image by Sytze Boonstra.
Image by Sytze Boonstra.
Silent movie night, Tai Chi, Yoga, dancing classes, children activities - the Banyan Plaza becomes the living room of Kaohsiung. Image by National Kaohsiung Center for the Arts (Weiwuying).
Silent movie night, Tai Chi, Yoga, dancing classes, children activities - the Banyan Plaza becomes the living room of Kaohsiung. Image by National Kaohsiung Center for the Arts (Weiwuying).
Image by Sytze Boonstra.
Image by Sytze Boonstra.
Image by Ethan Lee.
Image by Ethan Lee.
Image by Ethan Lee.
Image by Ethan Lee.
 Image by Iwan Baan.
Image by Iwan Baan.
Image by Ethan Lee.
Image by Ethan Lee.
Where the roof touches the earth the building becomes an amphitheatre, open towards the surrounding parkland which, in turn, becomes both its stage and its set. Image by Iwan Baan.
Where the roof touches the earth the building becomes an amphitheatre, open towards the surrounding parkland which, in turn, becomes both its stage and its set. Image by Iwan Baan.
Image by Ethan Lee.
Image by Ethan Lee.
A balance between hard and soft landscaping accommodate event spaces and logistical access, while creating a gradient of green towards the neighboring Weiwuying park. Image by Iwan Baan.
A balance between hard and soft landscaping accommodate event spaces and logistical access, while creating a gradient of green towards the neighboring Weiwuying park. Image by Iwan Baan.
The floor plan shows the structure of the building: an open public space arranged around six 'bubbles' and an open air amphitheatre. The four performance halls are accompanied by foyers, entrances and services access points.
The floor plan shows the structure of the building: an open public space arranged around six 'bubbles' and an open air amphitheatre. The four performance halls are accompanied by foyers, entrances and services access points.
Concept.
Concept.
The Concert Hall (1981 seats)is a performance space 'in the round'. In this space the largest double organ in Asia will be assembled. The Recital Hall with 434 seats (on right side) with its asymmetrical layout.
The Concert Hall (1981 seats)is a performance space 'in the round'. In this space the largest double organ in Asia will be assembled. The Recital Hall with 434 seats (on right side) with its asymmetrical layout.
The Opera House (2236 seats) has vast fly wings above, backstage storage behind the stage and a vast underground technical storage facility.
The Opera House (2236 seats) has vast fly wings above, backstage storage behind the stage and a vast underground technical storage facility.
The Playhouse (1210 seats) is the most flexible performance venue, designed for a wide variety of drama and dance events.
The Playhouse (1210 seats) is the most flexible performance venue, designed for a wide variety of drama and dance events.
The Banyan Plaza.
The Banyan Plaza.
Mecanoo's National Kaohsiung Center for the Arts (Weiwuying)

Banyan Plaza - Taiwan mega-theatre under construction