Archinect - Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture (ACSA)

Submit to Journal of Architectural Education: "Work"

2018-05-04T14:56:12-04:00

Theme Editors: Peggy Deamer, Yale University and Tsz Yan Ng, University of Michigan

Architects have always been concerned with the effects of what their design produces: What do our buildings/environments look like? How are they experienced? How do they perform? Concerns for how architecture is produced, however, have been largely sidestepped until more recently when digital fabrication and various types of information delivery systems recast the nature of how we work and the types of skills necessary to perform various tasks related to the production of buildings.

Our social and ethical responsibility as designers in relation to labor does, however, have a legacy. Nineteenth and early twentieth century theorists’ attention to workers, be they builders (think John Ruskin) or designers (think Adolf Loos and Walter Gropius) addressed issues of labor in a period of industrial and economic transformation. Today, in a radically changed global context, can we similarly rethink work? With o...

ACSA Publishes 2018 Atlas Data Slides

2018-05-04T14:40:00-04:00

Every year ACSA looks at new metrics for the Atlas, an ongoing project examining changes and trends in architectural education. This year’s addition covers Classification of Instructional Programs (or CIP codes) from the National Center for Educational Statistics, the taxonomy of the fields of study for degree programs.

https://www.acsa-arch.org/reso...

ACSA Announces Architectural Education Award Winners

2018-01-30T10:01:00-05:00

The Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture (ACSA) is pleased to announce the 2017-2018 Architectural Education Award Winners. Each year, ACSA honors architectural educators for exemplary work in areas such as building design, community collaborations, scholarship, and service. Award winners inspire and challenge students, contribute to the profession’s knowledge base, and extend their work beyond the borders of academy into practice and the public sector.

View the winners and their projects: http://www.acsa-arch.org/progr...

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2017-2018 Architecture Education Award Winners

ACSA/American Institute of Architects (AIA) Topaz Medallion

Jorge Silvetti, Harvard University

ACSA Distinguished Professor Award

Dana Buntrock, University of California, Berkeley
Renee Cheng, University of Minnesota
Judith A. Kinnard, Tulane University
Marilys R. Nepomechie, Florida International University
John Ronan, Illinois Institute of Techn...

ACSA Resolution in Opposition to the Proposed US–Mexico Border Wall

2018-01-30T09:47:06-05:00

During our Administrators Conference in Albuquerque, New Mexico, ACSA Distinguished Professor Roger Schluntz presented a motion opposing the construction of a border wall between Mexico and the United States. Similar resolutions have already been approved by AIA chapters in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Although the ACSA board has not in the last 15 years been faced with such consideration, we believed it was an important issue to address, as it directly relates to our mission and those of our member schools. Personally, as the son of an immigrant who fled Franco's Spain, who is married to the daughter of an immigrant who fled Castro's Cuba, I strongly and emphatically repudiate any attempts to classify human beings into first or second class citizens. Diverse groups are scientifically proven to be more innovative than non-diverse groups, and as architects, we understand that diversity and innovation are fundamental to our discipline, our programs and our academic communities.

- ...

Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture Bestows Distinguished Service Award on R. Wayne Drummond

2017-11-06T13:48:39-05:00

Albuquerque, NM—November 3, 2017—At the 2017 ACSA Administrators Conference, the Board of Directors of the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture (ACSA) recognized R. Wayne Drummond with a special Distinguished Service Award.

Drummond’s career in architecture spans nearly fifty years. He received a Bachelor of Architecture from Louisiana State University in 1968, followed by a fellowship to Rice University for a Master of Architecture degree that produced an award-winning thesis on “Architecture and Urbanism 1984-1968.” This study of social justice and the impact of architecture on environmental conditions started a career-long commitment to understanding how architects and the design of cities can ameliorate suffering and promote social justice.

Drummond began his career in academia at the University of Kansas in 1969 while also working at Kiene and Bradley Partnership Architects. He then taught at Clemson University before moving back to practice at Henningson, Durham a...

Journal of Architectural Education Executive Editor Renews Tenure and Names Six New Editorial Board Members

2017-10-04T11:37:10-04:00

The Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture is pleased to announce the reappointment of Marc J. Neveu as Executive Editor of the Journal of Architectural Education (JAE) for a four-year term. During his first term, he oversaw the redesign of the print journal by graphic design studio Project Projects, and the launch of JAEOnline.org, an expanded digital platform, which was the result of a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts. The JAE has been the primary venue for research and commentary on architectural education since it was founded in 1947. Published twice a year, the JAE is the longest running journal of its kind.

The JAE editorial board has also named Carolina Dayer as new Associate Editor, Design and five new editorial board members. http://www.jaeonline.org/editorial-board#/page1/

Marc J. Neveu, PhD, Woodbury University

Marc has recently been named Associate Dean of the School of Architecture at Woodbury University. Prior to this appointment, Neveu was ...

New JAE Issue on Production

2017-09-12T12:33:34-04:00

The 71:1 issue of the Journal of Architectural Education was recently published on the theme of Production. Marc Neveu, Chair of the School of Architecture at Woodbury University in Los Angeles, serves as executive editor of the biannual peer-reviewed academic journal.

Examining the role of the architect in the production of a building, the issue explores how post-industrial architectural production can benefit from a broader perspective of what it means to build. Questioning whether the impact of buildings and the role of architects are better for the advances in technological production, the issue looks at how the discipline can have more agency in the production of architecture. As theme editor Ryan Smith notes in his introduction, the issue “investigates architectural production from the perspective of its contingencies and influences on broader networks for which architecture has impact: social, economic, political, and environmental systems. It reflects upon production techni...

Volume 70 of the Journal of Architectural Education

2016-10-21T14:34:00-04:00

In response to the August 2015 open call for papers, content for volume 70 of the JAE is split. Issue 70:1, edited by Amy Kulper, features Design as Scholarship and introduces a new design framework: Discursive Images. Issue 70:2, edited by AnnMarie Brennan and Saundra Weddle, includes Scholarship of Design. We received over 130 essays and, as a result of the number submitted, decided to spread the content over the entire volume year. The JAE is not able to publish more content, but we can publish more diverse content that represents the range of work happening in ACSA member schools. The evolution of the Design as Scholarship, the opening up of reviews to other types of architectural production, and the diversity of recent and future themes reflect our awareness that scholarship in architecture is varied.

Visit JAEOnline.org to access the articles.

How Many MOOCs Are Teaching Architecture?

2015-06-08T11:15:00-04:00

Much has been made of the rise of massive open online courses (MOOCs), which some see as being poised to take over higher education. So we wanted to know: how many MOOCs are teaching architecture-related topics?

It turns out, not that many. In a recent search at mooc-list.com and elsewhere, we found 35 courses.

History, criticism, and appreciation courses are the most common architecture-related subject, with twenty courses that we could find. These range from global architecture history surveys, to regional studies, to deep-dives on a single architect (such as Frank Lloyd Wright) or historical moment (the Italian Renaissance). A few of these are art history courses that also cover architecture.

Ten courses mention teaching design, whereas five cover sustainability or resilience, and another five deal with architecture-relevant digital topics and skills.

These courses are offered by a mix of providers. Some of these providers are run by or in partnership with traditional universities, s...

The Architecture Salary Poll, analyzed

2015-02-10T19:29:00-05:00

Is it bad news to work for a small firm? How much more do architecture firm workers earn if they have a license? How big is the salary gap between men and women?

ACSA recently visualized nearly 5,000 responses from Archinect's Architecture Salary Poll through a searchable and browsable interactive that focuses on individuals' career stories. We now have three new pages taking a more analytical look at this data, answering questions like these in three areas: firms, job titles and licensure, and gender.

A few highlights are below. If you want more, check out the full piece at ACSA's website.

First, size matters. In the above chart, green indicates higher earnings and red indicates lower earnings; while bar length indicates average satisfaction. Clearly, larger firms tend to pay better. This is a trend also found by the AIA.

The other most striking thing in this chart is firms with 2-5 people seem to have a hard time. Whereas sole practitioners have the highest satisfaction and larger fir...

The Architecture Salary Poll, visualized

2015-01-23T20:56:00-05:00

For a few years, Archinect has been collecting anonymous salary, satisfaction, and other juicy job-related data through its Architecture Salary Poll. It's a great resource--a Glassdoor for the architecture world--and Archinect has shared this dataset with ACSA in order for us to conduct some visualization and analysis.

We've created an interface where you can explore people's career stories visually. Green faces are higher earners, red faces are low earners. You can see if people are happy or sad, and mouse over to get all the details. Filter the results to hone in on the people you want to hear from.

At this same page on ACSA's website, there are a few more charts that compare salary and satisfaction to years of experience. For example, this one compares the median (middle) earnings and satisfaction for people at corporate, boutique, starchitect, specialist, and sole proprietor firms.

We also compared earnings and satisfaction by job title.

The other interactive piece sorts the faces ...

ACSA's Community Design Directory includes details on over 200 organizations

2014-10-31T14:38:00-04:00

Fourteen years ago, The ACSA Sourcebook of Community Design Programs at Schools of Architecture in North America included just over seventy organizations. Since then, the landscape has changed. Today, we're releasing a new directory, which includes over two hundred organizations, covering ever-expanding geographic, disciplinary, and strategic territories. You can download it as a PDF here, or browse as a searchable online listing here.

We hope this will be a useful public resource for practitioners of community design, for researchers, and for those seeking to learn more or get involved.

Here's how the directory PDF looks:

The PDF also includes some graphs summarizing the current state of the field, based on our data:

And here's a screenshot of the map included in the online version:

This is just the beginning of this project. ACSA plans to update the online directory three times a year, so if you have an academic, non-profit, or private sector organization, studio, or program operating ...

This Year ACSA is Hosting Its Architecture College & Career Expo Virtually

2014-10-30T13:03:03-04:00

At this year's ACSA Architecture College & Career Expo, students and their families will be able to do all of the things they would expect to do at an in-person event without having to travel. And it's free! Register now.

Some Expo highlights include:

- discovering how to select a program
- learning more about admissions requirements
- live chats with school reps
- free portfolio reviews

Join ACSA on November 22, 2014, from 12:00pm - 4:00pm ET, for the ACSA Virtual College & Career Expo to learn about beginning or continuing your architectural career.

MEET THESE SCHOOLS

Carnegie Mellon University
City College of New York
Cooper Union
Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture
Georgia Institute of Technology
Iowa State University
Kansas State University
Miami University
Mississippi State University
New Jersey Institute of Technology
Ohio State University
Philadelphia University
Portland State University
Rice University
Roger Williams University
Savannah College of Art and Design
School of the Art Institute ...

Live Blog: (Afternoon) Equity by Design: Knowledge, Discussion, Action!

2014-10-18T16:25:00-04:00

After a glorious lunch in the sun, looking out over the bay, we're back for the first afternoon session. (You can catch up on our morning session here.) (You can also view the full survey results from the Equity in Architecture Survey 2014 here.)

Amber Evans, senior associate at GouldEvans, is introducing the session on negotiation. "If you don't negotiate your salary, the amount of money you will forfeit over your career will likely be over a million dollars." "Don't wait for others to notice and offer things to you."

Laurie Dreyer: There are five personality types in terms of negotiation:

competing
compromising
collaborating
avoiding
accommodating

Designers and architects are most often avoiders and accommodators. "An introverted architect will look at their shoes; an extroverted architect will look at your shoes."

The 'competing' type is the most aggressive, and is often represented among client representatives, which can make it hard for architects. But there's a cost to be paid for th...

Live Blog: (Morning) Equity by Design: Knowledge, Discussion, Action!

2014-10-18T12:07:00-04:00

There's a sold-out crowd for the big Missing 32% event today in San Francisco, at the gorgeous San Francisco Art Institute. We're in an intimate auditorium for introductions and recognition of sponsors who collectively shared $34k for the symposium.

8:49 am: Rosa Sheng is explaining how she became involved with Missing 32%: there was a "perfect storm" of Architect Barbie, the Denise Scott Brown petition, Sheryl Sandberg's Lean In--and Rosa was invited to speak at a symposium, drawing her in.

It's no longer a clear-cut issue of outright discrimination, but one of implicit bias, and other subtle and difficult problems.

8:58 am: Emily Grandstaff-Rice of Cambridge 7, president of the Boston Society of Architects, is delivering the keynote. "I cringe when I hear the term woman architect."

What does the public think about when they think of an architect? The audience shouts "Frank Lloyd Wright," "Mies Van Der Rohe," "Frank Gehry"--white men. Women (and minorities, implicitly) are a minority ...

Where are the women? Measuring progress on gender in architecture

2014-10-03T11:23:00-04:00

Lian Chikako Chang

With recent conversations on gender in architecture fueled by Julia Morgan being the first woman to receive an AIA Gold Medal, the controversy around the Pritzker Prize and Denise Scott Brown (shout out to Women in Design and to DSB who celebrates her birthday today), and of course, the energy and organization that The Missing 32% Project has brought to the table, we wanted to make a contribution of our own. With data graphics, naturally!

We gathered up some publicly available (but not necessarily commonly known) statistics on the topic, and corralled them into the following three charts. For links to sources and a (very) long discussion about the nuances of this data, please visit the ACSA website.

As you look higher in the architectural profession or in academia, you see fewer women. Even in architecture school today, only about 40% of students are women, and the numbers start dropping off sharply, from around 40% to around 25% and fewer when we start looking at...

Explore Data on Over 1,800 U.S. Programs in Architecture and Related Fields

2014-07-21T13:14:00-04:00

At the ACSA, we are most familiar with the 127 U.S. and 11 Canadian schools with accredited architecture programs, but prospective students and the public are seeing a much broader context. We wanted to learn more about all the institutions that offer programs in architecture and related fields, so we put together an interactive based on data from the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). This includes a map and charts offering key statistics on over 800 U.S. institutions offering over 1,800 programs in architecture, architectural sciences and technology, architectural drafting, landscape architecture, urban and regional planning, art and architectural history, and more.

Here's a screenshot of the interactive which you explore at the ACSA website.

Here are two more snapshots, covering topics which you can also explore in more depth in the interactive: Graduation Rate by Net Price, for public, private not-for-profit, and private for-profit schools as well as for schools wi...

Images from ACSA's Open Cities conference in Seoul

2014-07-02T12:10:20-04:00

ACSA recently held our biennial international conference in Seoul, South Korea, and we wanted to share some pictures from around the city, and of the event itself.

The exquisite Korea Furniture Museum.

Foundation detail at the Korea Furniture Museum.

Lower plaza level at the Dongdaemun Design Plaza by Zaha Hadid.

Framed view of the city at the Dongdaemun Design Plaza by Zaha Hadid.

Steeply slanted doors at the Dongdaemun Design Plaza by Zaha Hadid.

Traditional rooftops at the Bukchon Hanok Village in Seoul.

Cheonggyecheon creek traditionally divided northern and southern Seoul, and while it was covered over in favor of an elevated freeway for years, it has recently been rehabilitated as a waterway flanked by long walking paths.

"Learning through Architecture" exhibit, Junglim Foundation.

Fresh buns in Namdaemun Market.

Street food in Gwangjang covered market.

Schoolchildren in line to visit the N Seoul Tower.

Cutest stampede ever!

Public space: men playing Go in a park outside the Jongmyo shri...

Toyo Ito's Keynote at the ACSA International Conference in Seoul

2014-06-30T17:02:00-04:00

We are in Seoul, South Korea at the esteemed Ewha Womens University, the world’s largest female educational institute, for the ACSA’s International Conference, Open Cities, and it’s time for our closing keynote, delivered by none other than Toyo Ito. Ito-san’s website includes the following short biography that, I think, captures both his frankness and his humility:

Biography

1941 Born in Seoul Metropolitan City

1965-69 Graduated from The University of Tokyo, Department of Architecture

Worked at Kiyonori Kikutake Architects and Associates

1971 Started his own studio, Urban Robot (URBOT) in Tokyo

1979 Changed its name to Toyo Ito & Associates, Architects

TI: Thank you very much, for coming in spite of the heavy rain. I apologize that my English is slow, so I translate through Yasu-san. I present several new projects. [TI then switches to Japanese].

A person, surrounded by their…modern things, looks happy, but are they really happy? Though my l...

Your Jurisdiction and You

2014-06-05T19:03:00-04:00

If you’re lucky, you could live in a state that wants your school to be responsible for both the education and the training of architects!

Expect cautious optimism over the National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (NCARB) endorsement of a path for students to earn an architectural license and a professional degree together. The decision last week sets in motion a process to get the first students underway. The idea is easy to get behind, but for these plans to succeed, state licensing boards and participating schools will need to collaborate. A change to a licensing regulation may be necessary, but alone it is not sufficient. Licensure upon graduation is not a reduction in requirements. In fact it will require substantial commitments from schools and the profession.

From interested schools it starts with a commitment to design a curriculum that adds professional competency—attested to by the license—as one of its stated outcomes. This drastic expansion in scope should not...

Licensed at Graduation: NCARB Endorses Plan for Architecture Students to Complete IDP, Examination While in School

2014-06-02T15:29:44-04:00

On Friday, the National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (NCARB) announced their endorsement of a new path for architecture students —licensure upon graduation from an accredited program. Developed by the Licensure Task Force, a group comprised of leaders from NCARB, AIA, AIAS, NAAB and ACSA, this new track would integrate internship and examination requirements into the years spent completing a professional degree in architecture.

This proposal would offer certain benefits, among them, shortening the timeline to licensure for students who know their career path in advance and adding more opportunities to bring people into the profession early in their educational careers. “While licensure upon graduation may not work for all schools or all jurisdictions,” said ACSA president Norman Millar, “we laud NCARB's collaborative process with schools, students, and the profession to facilitate licensure.”

Millar, who represents ACSA on the Licensure Task Force, anticipates that thi...

ACSA Atlas examines economic outlook, demographic representation among students and faculty, and salaries

2014-04-13T11:20:00-04:00

The ACSA Atlas is an ongoing project examining architectural education in relationship to demographics, higher education, the profession, and the economy. We've just released a new set of graphics!

This is a simple count of architects per state compared with population per state. (See in full size)

Numbers of architecture students by region, in comparison with architects per capita (darker teal is more architects per capita). (See in full size)

Simple roundup of student ethnicity by region--we'll also be doing more detailed work in this area in the next couple of months. (See in full size)

In relation to other disciplines in the built environment, architecture is big, but we're not alone! Here's a snapshot of the numbers of 2012 graduates by discipline. (See in full size)

The solid parts of this stacked chart show architecture-related degrees earned, from 1970 to 2012, and the lines show all fields, on a differently scaled axis. We've called out the 10 year span from 1992 to 2012--du...

The Journal of Architectural Education Gets a New Look from Design Studio Project Projects

2014-03-14T12:18:00-04:00

Since 1947, the Journal of Architectural Education (JAE) has been the primary venue for research and commentary on architectural education. The flagship publication of the Association of Collegiate School of Architecture (ACSA), published through Taylor and Francis, has been through many shapes and sizes over its 60 plus years. The last major overhaul was over ten years ago when the JAE adopted its current 9 x 10 high format, launched in September 2002 (Volume 56:1).

In Fall of 2013, the ACSA enlisted the graphic design studio Project Projects to work with members of the JAE editorial board and the ACSA staff to develop a new look for the journal. The re-design allows for flexibility in future issues while maintaining a clear graphic identity and, perhaps as important, the new design also signals that the JAE will be a material object for the foreseeable future. Issue 68:1 entitled design+ and edited by Sheila Crane and Amy Kulper, to be shipped in the next few weeks, will be the f...

Architecture school survey shows trends in budgets, applications, enrollment, and faculty hiring.

2014-02-13T11:43:08-05:00

ACSA conducted its fourth annual budget and enrollment survey of member schools this fall, asking programs about changes to their budgets, enrollment and applications, and hiring patterns. The results from 60 schools in the United States and Canada showed architecture programs facing slight reductions in enrollment, while budgets are holding steady or showing slight increases.

Among the results found in this year’s report, presented in two dozen graphics, are drops in applications at about half of undergraduate programs, but more increases in applications at the graduate level. Additionally, many schools seeing drops in enrollment have the decreases tempered by growing numbers of international students. More schools reported increases in total budgets than decreases, and funding for faculty travel and discretionary stayed the same or increased.

The Architecture School Budget and Enrollment Survey 2013-14 report also includes new analyses of trends based on Carnegie Foundation classi...

What Fast Co. Design Gets Wrong, and Other Manufactured Outrages

2013-12-27T13:15:00-05:00

Architecture school design/build programs, in which students both design and construct a project at full scale, can provide a tremendous learning experience. This is why over 70% of accredited architecture programs in North America have them (data here). Fast Company Design recently highlighted a documentary film, Reality Check, about one such program by interviewing professors Marie and Keith Zawistowski from Virginia Tech’s design/buildLAB.

The article’s content could hardly be more straightforward. But a simple feel-good story promoting a worthy film and educational program probably doesn’t attract as many readers (and as much advertising revenue) as one led by the headline that Fast Company Design chose: “What Architecture Schools Get Wrong.”

What the article proposes is “wrong” about this entire educational sector isn’t made apparent until the final lines of the piece, where Marie Zawistowski is quoted as saying—incorrectly—that only a “minority” of architecture schools h...

Gender in Architecture School Leadership

2013-11-01T17:14:00-04:00

Hello Archinect,

I've been organizing spreadsheets, crunching numbers, and attending meetings, but this is the first graphic I've produced at the ACSA, so I wanted to share it here.

This one counts deans, directors, heads, and chairs in candidate and accredited architecture schools in the USA and Canada by gender and region. Many universities are working hard to bring more diversity to their ranks of faculty and administration--but we're not there yet. Canada's on its way, though!

More data is visualized at the ACSA Atlas Project and we'll be adding to this regularly, so check back!

Also, let me know below what data you'd like to see in the next rounds!

Lian

Images from Boston Society of Architects' College Fair at Wentworth Institute of Technology

2013-10-28T11:48:16-04:00

Hello!

Just wanted to share a few pictures from the BSA's Architecture/Design College Fair, held at Wentworth Institute of Technology. There was a good turnout of prospective graduate and (mostly) undergraduate students to talk with representatives from fifty schools from around the USA. University College Dublin School of Architecture even had a table!

--Lian

Journal of Architectural Education Reviews Over 40 Proposals for Future Issues

2013-10-09T21:03:00-04:00

The University of Pennsylvania School of Design hosted the editorial board of the Journal of Architectural Education this weekend. New executive editor Marc Neveu and the editorial board reviewed more than 40 proposals for themes of future issues. Writers from around the world responded to the call to shape the scholarly future of the discipline. The results will be forthcoming this fall.

JAE's new issue (Volume 67, issue 2) is also now online, fully loaded with scholarly articles that cross the discipline as well as major new design initiatives.

Check out the new Design Frameworks, intended to help designers working in all forms of disciplinary creative practice frame their work for publication. Also debuting in the issue is a column called Pre-fabrications, which is intended to catalyze new forms of critical discussion about the material culture of architecture.

The University of Calgary's Graham Livesey served as interim executive editor for the issue and worked with Desi...

Architectural Research European Network Association (ARENA) Launches

2013-10-07T12:02:00-04:00

Hello Archinect,

Just sharing a press release from our friends across the pond.

Lian

***

Launch of the ARENA research network
September 2013

The Architectural Research European Network Association, known as ARENA, has been launched as an open, inclusive and comprehensive network for architectural researchers across Europe. Its inaugural meeting will be held at the Technical University of Delft in The Netherlands on 2nd November 2013.

ARENA offers a shared platform that aims to promote, support, develop and disseminate high-quality research in all fields of architecture in the widest sense, including its links to building technology, environmental design, sustainable development, interior design, landscape architecture and urban design/urbanism, operating in domains from science and technology through to arts and humanities. To do so it will work alongside all existing bodies to promote the quality, breadth and significance of architectural research to the key insti...

What happens after graduation? ACSA begins a Career Outcomes Data Effort

2013-09-25T15:08:00-04:00

By Lian Chang, ACSA Director of Research and Information

How well did your architecture school prepare you for professional practice—or for careers outside of architecture firms? Is the gender imbalance that we see in the profession’s upper echelons beginning to change in the generation of rising architects? How can we identify strategies in architecture schools that are working, giving graduates a leg up when they hit the workforce?

These questions—and recent media reports ranking architecture degrees low in terms of graduate salaries—are on our minds at the ACSA as we develop our Career Outcomes Data Effort, an ACSA-wide survey for schools to use on a voluntary basis with their graduating students. We’re trying to get a fuller and more accurate picture of where architecture graduates are going.

Many schools already have exit and post-graduation surveys, but many do not, and there has not yet been a large-scale effort to gather and share data across North America. The AC...