Archinect - News 2024-11-21T12:24:35-05:00 https://archinect.com/news/article/150333426/neom-announces-plans-for-new-man-made-island-development-called-oxagon NEOM announces plans for new man-made island development called Oxagon Josh Niland 2022-12-22T16:42:00-05:00 >2024-10-25T04:07:38-04:00 <img src="https://archinect.gumlet.io/uploads/5f/5fc96466d8a476fd35cc9c9e1178829a.jpg?fit=crop&auto=compress%2Cformat&enlarge=true&w=1200" border="0" /><p>Plans for a new floating city design that&rsquo;s part of the <a href="https://archinect.com/news/tag/1035435/neom" target="_blank">NEOM</a> project in Saudi Arabia have been revealed recently, offering a glimpse at the Gulf state&rsquo;s full vision for a megadevelopment program that includes <a href="https://archinect.com/news/article/150332539/saudi-arabia-is-moving-forward-with-plans-for-a-ski-resort-in-neom" target="_blank">Trojena</a> ski resort, an artificial island called <a href="https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2022/12/05/saudi-giga-project-neom-unveils-first-island-development/" target="_blank">Sindalah</a>, and centerpiece 110-mile-long smart city dubbed <a href="https://archinect.com/news/article/150318412/the-line-the-largest-part-of-saudi-arabia-s-ambitious-neom-project-looks-like-a-total-fantasy" target="_blank">The Line</a>.</p> <p>The &lsquo;Oxagon&rsquo; as it is so-named, is formed by a series of floating squares connected by a network of canals and will contain factories and logistics centers along with housing accommodations for up to 90,000 residents by the time it is completed in 2030. It is strategically located in proximity to the Suez Canal in order to give the country an enhanced position within the global supply chain</p> <figure><p><a href="https://archinect.gumlet.io/uploads/17/171bcd01e9cdb3decdea8dd2aea38156.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&amp;enlarge=true&amp;w=1028" target="_blank"><img src="https://archinect.gumlet.io/uploads/17/171bcd01e9cdb3decdea8dd2aea38156.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&amp;enlarge=true&amp;w=514"></a></p><figcaption>Image courtesy NEOM</figcaption></figure><p>According to a press release: &ldquo;At Oxagon&rsquo;s core will be the adoption of the most advanced technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), human-machine fusion, artificial and predictive intelligence, and robotics, all of which are coupled to a network of f...</p> https://archinect.com/news/article/150314493/a-floating-city-is-set-to-rise-off-the-coast-of-the-maldives-as-a-solution-to-sea-level-rise A floating city is set to rise off the coast of the Maldives as a solution to sea-level rise Nathaniel Bahadursingh 2022-06-23T17:40:00-04:00 >2024-10-25T04:07:38-04:00 <img src="https://archinect.gumlet.io/uploads/4f/4fa78ca0d2522c313e90ed7396cb33ac.jpeg?fit=crop&auto=compress%2Cformat&enlarge=true&w=1200" border="0" /><em><p>A city is rising from the waters of the Indian Ocean. In a turquoise lagoon, just 10 minutes by boat from Male, the Maldivian capital, a floating city, big enough to house 20,000 people, is being constructed.</p></em><br /><br /><p>Called the Maldives Floating City, the first-of-its-kind development is a joint venture between property developer Dutch Docklands and the Government of the <a href="https://archinect.com/news/tag/5681/maldives" target="_blank">Maldives</a>. Netherlands-based architecture firm <a href="https://archinect.com/firms/cover/150141948/waterstudio-nl" target="_blank">Waterstudio</a>, which focuses on large-scale, sustainable <a href="https://archinect.com/news/tag/66228/floating-architecture" target="_blank">floating projects</a>, is the architecture firm behind the project&rsquo;s design. Taking the shape of a brain coral, the city is structured as a traditional boating community, with a network of canals that will serve as the main infrastructure for logistics and gateways. It will consist of 5,000 floating units, along with houses, restaurants, shops, and schools.&nbsp;</p> <figure><p><a href="https://archinect.gumlet.io/uploads/52/52c6ce88e2ae92a52d441ffcc1321c21.jpeg?auto=compress%2Cformat&amp;enlarge=true&amp;w=1028" target="_blank"><img src="https://archinect.gumlet.io/uploads/52/52c6ce88e2ae92a52d441ffcc1321c21.jpeg?auto=compress%2Cformat&amp;enlarge=true&amp;w=514"></a></p><figcaption>Previously on Archinect: <a href="https://archinect.com/news/article/150308213/updated-design-emerges-for-big-s-floating-city-in-busan-south-korea-for-oceanix" target="_blank">Updated design emerges for BIG&rsquo;s floating city in Busan, South Korea for OCEANIX</a></figcaption></figure><p>The city was conceived as a practical solution to <a href="https://archinect.com/news/tag/551963/sea-level-rise" target="_blank">sea-level rise</a> in one of the world&rsquo;s most vulnerable nations to <a href="https://archinect.com/news/tag/167905/climate-change" target="_blank">climate change</a>. Its <a href="https://archinect.com/news/tag/71523/modular" target="_blank">modular</a> units are constructed in a local shipyard and towed to the city when complete. They are then attached to a large underwater concrete hu...</p> https://archinect.com/news/article/150308213/updated-design-emerges-for-big-s-floating-city-in-busan-south-korea-for-oceanix Updated design emerges for BIG’s floating city in Busan, South Korea for OCEANIX Niall Patrick Walsh 2022-04-27T11:06:00-04:00 >2024-10-25T04:07:38-04:00 <img src="https://archinect.gumlet.io/uploads/85/855ddfb91582332759de7a9a8c4e0ff6.jpg?fit=crop&auto=compress%2Cformat&enlarge=true&w=1200" border="0" /><p>Further details have been revealed for the design of <a href="https://archinect.com/news/article/150289620/busan-to-take-the-lead-in-trying-on-bjarke-ingels-floating-oceanix-city-prototype-in-2025" target="_blank">OCEANIX Busan</a>, described as the &ldquo;world&rsquo;s first sustainable floating city.&rdquo; Designed by lead architects <a href="https://archinect.com/firms/cover/39902/big-bjarke-ingels-group" target="_blank">BIG (Bjarke Ingels Group)</a> and <a href="https://archinect.com/samoo" target="_blank">SAMOO</a> (Samsung), the project will be constructed in the South Korean city of Busan by advanced maritime company OCEANIX in collaboration with UN-Habitat.</p> <figure><figure><a href="https://archinect.gumlet.io/uploads/b0/b0c9c3476cf597aca69b4477c19c22d7.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&amp;enlarge=true&amp;w=1028" target="_blank"><img src="https://archinect.gumlet.io/uploads/b0/b0c9c3476cf597aca69b4477c19c22d7.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&amp;enlarge=true&amp;w=514"></a><figcaption>Potential scaled-up version of the scheme. Image by OCEANIX / Bjarke Ingels Group</figcaption></figure></figure><p>We <a href="https://archinect.com/news/article/150130510/bjarke-ingels-presents-utopian-plan-for-sustainable-floating-cities-to-un" target="_blank">first covered the project</a> in 2019, when BIG unveiled the project as a utopian plan for floating cities, sparking <a href="https://archinect.com/news/article/150130510/bjarke-ingels-presents-utopian-plan-for-sustainable-floating-cities-to-un" target="_blank">extensive debate</a> among our community. Late last year, <a href="https://archinect.com/news/article/150289620/busan-to-take-the-lead-in-trying-on-bjarke-ingels-floating-oceanix-city-prototype-in-2025" target="_blank">it emerged</a> that the city of Busan would take the lead on realizing the project. Now, new renderings of the scheme offer further insight into how the original utopian plan may manifest. </p> <figure><p><a href="https://archinect.gumlet.io/uploads/2a/2a8ea861734b30326640f92f553ae9b2.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&amp;enlarge=true&amp;w=1028" target="_blank"><img src="https://archinect.gumlet.io/uploads/2a/2a8ea861734b30326640f92f553ae9b2.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&amp;enlarge=true&amp;w=514"></a></p><figcaption>Initial phase of OCEANIX Busan, accommodating 12,000 people. Image by OCEANIX / Bjarke Ingels Group</figcaption></figure><p>The current proposal would see interconnected platforms create a 15.5-acre city capable of accommodating 12,000 people. T...</p> https://archinect.com/news/article/150289620/busan-to-take-the-lead-in-trying-on-bjarke-ingels-floating-oceanix-city-prototype-in-2025 Busan to take the lead in trying on Bjarke Ingels' floating OCEANIX CITY prototype in 2025 Josh Niland 2021-11-30T09:00:00-05:00 >2024-10-25T04:07:38-04:00 <img src="https://archinect.gumlet.io/uploads/65/654cce4e62ec0e888c1535a80d4c9201.jpg?fit=crop&auto=compress%2Cformat&enlarge=true&w=1200" border="0" /><p>In an effort to mitigate the impending effects of sea-level rise on coastal populations through architecture, UN-Habitat and <a href="https://archinect.com/news/tag/1879706/oceanix" target="_blank">OCEANIX</a> are once again taking the lead with a new prototype for a floating settlement in the South Korean city of Busan.&nbsp;</p> <p>The buzzworthy pair had previously made waves with a <a href="https://archinect.com/firms/cover/39902/big-bjarke-ingels-group" target="_blank">Bjarke Ingels</a>-backed <a href="https://archinect.com/news/article/150130510/bjarke-ingels-presents-utopian-plan-for-sustainable-floating-cities-to-un" target="_blank">2019 proposal</a> for a floodproof habitat which has now officially found a home thanks to a groundbreaking agreement with the city&rsquo;s government.&nbsp;</p> <p>Now, with almost <a href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2020/10/371_297491.html" target="_blank">50 centimeters of sea-level rise</a> expected for the southern peninsula by mid-century, leaders in South Korea look to the prototype as a guide to extreme adaptation efforts that could help circumvent the challenges caused by an influx of coastal city dwellers overrunning a country of 52 million whose total land area is roughly equivalent to the state of Indiana.&nbsp;</p> <figure><p><a href="https://archinect.gumlet.io/uploads/7d/7d61e51cd9e93279cca3a01225c27bd3.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&amp;enlarge=true&amp;w=1028" target="_blank"><img src="https://archinect.gumlet.io/uploads/7d/7d61e51cd9e93279cca3a01225c27bd3.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&amp;enlarge=true&amp;w=514"></a></p><figcaption>Previously on Archinect: <a href="https://archinect.com/news/article/150130510/bjarke-ingels-presents-utopian-plan-for-sustainable-floating-cities-to-un" target="_blank">Bjarke Ingels presents utopian plan for sustainable floating cities to UN</a></figcaption></figure><p>The city proposal claims to be designed to withstand a...</p> https://archinect.com/news/article/150170731/is-a-future-filled-with-levitating-buildings-on-the-horizon Is a future filled with levitating buildings on the horizon? Katherine Guimapang 2019-11-18T15:10:00-05:00 >2024-10-25T04:07:38-04:00 <img src="https://archinect.gumlet.io/uploads/48/486c4eec1ea74dc172dd024d1fe79b57.jpeg?fit=crop&auto=compress%2Cformat&enlarge=true&w=1200" border="0" /><p>During Dubai Design Week, architect and professor Dr. Georges Kachaamy presented an eye catching project that questions architecture's need for the ground. Through his project, "Rising Oases," Kachaamy proposes a future where individual buildings are no longer tied to their "daily restraints," including the need to be firmly anchored to the earth.&nbsp;</p> <p><a href="https://www.dubaidesignweek.ae/programme/2019/levitate/" target="_blank">According to the Dubai Design Week website</a>, "The structure is suspended in the air using breakthrough technology, providing visitors with an outlet to disconnect from the city." Part of an ongoing research project that has been in the works over the past decade, according to a <a href="https://www.cnn.com/style/article/levitating-architecture-dubai/index.html" target="_blank">recent report from CNN</a>, Kachammy's project, which uses magnetic levitation technologies to levitate scale models above their bases, stunned the design week attendees.&nbsp;</p> <figure><figure><a href="https://archinect.gumlet.io/uploads/5c/5c30d8a9b94c0e93eec66b7ba0749094.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&amp;enlarge=true&amp;w=1028" target="_blank"><img src="https://archinect.gumlet.io/uploads/5c/5c30d8a9b94c0e93eec66b7ba0749094.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&amp;enlarge=true&amp;w=514"></a><figcaption>Rendering of one of Kachaamy's levitating buildings. Courtesy of Georges Kachaamy.</figcaption></figure></figure><p>Some might view his proposal as implausible, but <a href="https://www.cnn.com/style/article/levitating-architecture-dubai/index.html" target="_blank">according to Kieron Monks of CNN</a>, Kachammy is prepared to win over th...</p> https://archinect.com/news/article/150139963/bjarke-ingels-recent-ted-talk-discusses-architectural-forms-of-the-future-the-lego-house-and-plans-to-face-climate-change-with-architecture Bjarke Ingels' recent TED Talk discusses architectural forms of the future, the LEGO House, and plans to face climate change with architecture Katherine Guimapang 2019-06-05T14:30:00-04:00 >2019-06-05T14:57:27-04:00 <img src="https://archinect.gumlet.io/uploads/01/01a90bdf35d6ad688a8e7c101786df95.jpg?fit=crop&auto=compress%2Cformat&enlarge=true&w=1200" border="0" /><p>Whether you're a fan or not of the influential Danish architect, <a href="https://archinect.com/news/tag/113/big" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Bjarke Ingels</a> has designed some of the most distinct architectural structures. Aiming to push the limits of structural design through materials and sustainability approaches, Ingels spoke at a recent TED conference in April sharing his team's most recent projects, discussed the LEGO House, and his plan for future forms in architecture.&nbsp;</p> <p>With his most recent project teetering on ambitious design approaches and utopian plans, Ingels shares his approach to <a href="https://archinect.com/news/tag/28312/floating-cities" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Floating Cities</a> with the audience. He speaks of creating sustainable cities that can adapt to climate change by designing buoyant modular "coastal additions," each having their own unique coastal landscape. As ambitious as this may sound, Ingels' focus and enthusiastic approach to these human-made ecosystems excited the crowd and provided a sense of possibility.&nbsp;</p> <p><br>"...if the whole world woke up tomorrow and became carbon-neutral over night,&nbsp;there are still island nation...</p> https://archinect.com/news/article/150130510/bjarke-ingels-presents-utopian-plan-for-sustainable-floating-cities-to-un Bjarke Ingels presents utopian plan for sustainable floating cities to UN Mackenzie Goldberg 2019-04-06T11:26:00-04:00 >2024-10-25T04:07:38-04:00 <img src="https://archinect.gumlet.io/uploads/ac/ac8f72c58f9d8d8f2cc1f33addac0fc1.jpg?fit=crop&auto=compress%2Cformat&enlarge=true&w=1200" border="0" /><p>Faced with the threat of rising sea levels said to jeopardize 90% of the world's largest cities by 2050, UN Habitat convened its first roundtable to discuss potential adaptation strategies. In particular, the dozens of experts, investors, scientists, and officials, were there to explore new approaches to building sustainable offshore hubs for living and working, also known as <a href="https://archinect.com/news/tag/28312/floating-cities" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">floating cities</a>.&nbsp;</p> <figure><p><a href="https://archinect.gumlet.io/uploads/d5/d5bf25b454a899ef73c39054e2bacdfe.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&amp;enlarge=true&amp;w=1028" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img src="https://archinect.gumlet.io/uploads/d5/d5bf25b454a899ef73c39054e2bacdfe.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&amp;enlarge=true&amp;w=514"></a></p><figcaption>VILLAGE HARBOR DAYTIME: Socializing, play, and commerce are concentrated around the sheltered inner harbor. Platform edges activate the city with social programs, protect it from the wind, produce food, and dock boats. Image by Bjarke Ingels Group.</figcaption></figure><figure rel="width: 100%; height: auto;"><p><img src="https://archinect.gumlet.io/uploads/4b/4b4d7c421fd1d7156528ec169214993c.gif"></p><figcaption>CITY FROM ABOVE: The city can organically transform and adapt over time, evolving from a neighborhood of 300 residents to a city of 10,000. Thirty-six 2-hectare floating neighborhoods and dozens of productive outposts create a vibrant community that can expand and contract over time.</figcaption></figure><p>The specific proposal was for Oceanix City, a collaboration between ...</p> https://archinect.com/news/article/150062435/what-s-new-with-the-promise-of-the-floating-city What's new with the promise of the floating city? Alexander Walter 2018-05-01T16:13:00-04:00 >2018-05-01T16:13:58-04:00 <img src="https://archinect.gumlet.io/uploads/st/stejeci5cr70fxyg.png?fit=crop&auto=compress%2Cformat&enlarge=true&w=1200" border="0" /><em><p>A plan to build a platform in a tropical lagoon caught heat from locals, and a campaign stoked by opposition politician Valentina Cross swept away their proposals for an inaugural colony. In February, the Tahitian government stated publicly that an agreement with the Seasteading Institute in 2017 was now outdated and non-binding. [...] That leaves the Institute, and their movement, once again at sea, shopping for a new host nation willing to take on a partnership.</p></em><br /><br /><p>In her article for <em>CityLab</em>, writer Hettie O'Brien looks into the <a href="https://archinect.com/news/tag/28311/seasteading-institute" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Seasteading Institute</a>'s promise of a&nbsp;libertarian offshore utopia in Polynesia and the challenges the movement has been facing recently.</p> https://archinect.com/news/article/148970317/what-makoko-can-teach-about-organic-urban-development What Makoko can teach about "organic" urban development Justine Testado 2016-02-25T14:53:00-05:00 >2016-02-29T00:55:07-05:00 <img src="https://archinect.gumlet.io/uploads/bm/bm8o4hi0v0o8kuu4.jpg?fit=crop&auto=compress%2Cformat&enlarge=true&w=1200" border="0" /><em><p>'Why can&rsquo;t communities simply be communities and develop in the organic way that we allow other communities to develop?'...'They are inspirational in that people have developed them themselves, without government and real estate types pushing them around. Without a doubt, they still have problems. But they are stabilising themselves and, over time, knitting themselves into the fabric of their cities. This is a true marvel of global urbanism.'</p></em><br /><br /><p>More in relation to slums:</p><p><a href="http://archinect.com/news/article/145577538/world-s-first-slum-museum-is-coming-to-mumbai" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">World's first Slum Museum is coming to Mumbai</a></p><p><a href="http://archinect.com/news/article/134268383/housing-mobility-vs-america-s-growing-slum-problem" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Housing mobility vs. America's growing slum problem</a></p><p><a href="http://archinect.com/news/article/106324364/hanoi-is-it-possible-to-grow-a-city-without-slums" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Hanoi: is it possible to grow a city without slums?</a></p><p><a href="http://archinect.com/news/article/68859546/in-lagos-the-poorest-are-paying-the-price-of-progress" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">In Lagos the poorest are paying the price of progress</a></p> https://archinect.com/news/article/128098085/they-re-promising-us-jetpacks-again-and-deeper-basements They're promising us jetpacks again (and deeper basements) Alexander Walter 2015-05-26T17:02:00-04:00 >2019-01-05T12:31:03-05:00 <img src="https://archinect.gumlet.io/uploads/9a/9a5cd6a3f2557f65bbc03420d012ab62?fit=crop&auto=compress%2Cformat&enlarge=true&w=1200" border="0" /><em><p>Floating cities and high rise farms are also predicted to shape Britain&rsquo;s landscape for future generations, according to some of the country&rsquo;s leading experts. In new research they outline the future form of the places where people will live and work. Spaceports for travel to the Moon and Mars are also expected to become a reality within the next 100 years, they say.</p></em><br /><br /><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><head><meta></head></html> https://archinect.com/news/article/110277897/has-floating-architecture-s-moment-finally-arrived Has Floating Architecture’s Moment Finally Arrived? Archinect 2014-10-01T20:23:00-04:00 >2018-01-30T06:16:04-05:00 <img src="https://archinect.gumlet.io/uploads/05/05bcb2beaf2c700961e44430708f6a2d?fit=crop&auto=compress%2Cformat&enlarge=true&w=1200" border="0" /><em><p>In a quiet, shady street in Rijswijk, the Netherlands, Koen Olthuis and the design team at Waterstudio are changing the world. From this deceptively nondescript headquarters, Waterstudio is designing the cities of the future. If Olthuis has his way, they will be safer, more flexible and more resilient than current cities. How will he do this? Olthuis is designing floating cities.</p></em><br /><br /><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><head><meta></head></html> https://archinect.com/news/article/101096460/for-libertarian-utopia-float-away-on-startup-nation For Libertarian Utopia, Float Away on ‘Startup’ Nation Alexander Walter 2014-06-04T15:22:00-04:00 >2018-01-30T06:16:04-05:00 <img src="https://archinect.gumlet.io/uploads/f6/f60e4d3554ad74c6ae4a3574f1860139?fit=crop&auto=compress%2Cformat&enlarge=true&w=1200" border="0" /><em><p>As dawn breaks over the Gulf of Fonseca, southeast of El Salvador, Patri Friedman sets out for a jog. He trots past domed hothouses filled with fruit trees and feels the sidewalk sway gently underfoot as a tugboat chugs by with a floating apartment building in tow. The year is 2024, and Friedman lives on a so-called seastead, a waterbound city of some 1,000 people who produce their own food, their own energy and -- most important -- their own laws.</p></em><br /><br /><p>Previously:</p><ul><li><p><a href="http://archinect.com/news/article/48002291/obscenely-rich-tech-folk-are-still-building-their-island-utopia-off-the-coast-of-san-francisco" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Obscenely Rich Tech Folk Are Still Building Their Island Utopia Off The Coast of San Francisco</a></p></li><li><p><a href="http://archinect.com/news/article/17174240/paypal-founder-invests-1-25-million-to-create-floating-micro-countries" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Paypal Founder Invests $1.25 Million to Create Floating Micro-Countries</a></p></li></ul> https://archinect.com/news/article/87928097/world-s-first-floating-city-back-on-course World’s first floating city back on course Archinect 2013-12-02T18:21:00-05:00 >2018-01-30T06:16:04-05:00 <img src="https://archinect.gumlet.io/uploads/f3/f3b6ae905f39e814bd638d6b699a2930?fit=crop&auto=compress%2Cformat&enlarge=true&w=1200" border="0" /><em><p>The Freedom Ship would be home to 50,000 people and have its own airport, casinos and shopping centers. The Florida-based company behind the city of the sea says it is hopeful it can raise the $1 billion needed to begin construction on the massive vessel.</p></em><br /><br /><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><head><meta></head></html> https://archinect.com/news/article/17174240/paypal-founder-invests-1-25-million-to-create-floating-micro-countries Paypal Founder Invests $1.25 Million to Create Floating Micro-Countries yukaroni 2011-08-17T08:51:00-04:00 >2024-01-23T19:16:08-05:00 <img src="https://archinect.gumlet.io/uploads/se/setqjmav33ifwtgq.jpg?fit=crop&auto=compress%2Cformat&enlarge=true&w=1200" border="0" /><em><p>Peter Thiel is known for having big ideas before everyone else - he launched Paypal, funded Facebook, and is now interested in building his very own start-up countries in the far off, open ocean. The self-made billionaire is working closely with the Seasteading Institute to create sovereign nations in international waters, free from the laws of any country.</p></em><br /><br /><p> PayPal founder <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thiel" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Peter Thiel</a>&nbsp;is working closely with the <a href="http://seasteading.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Seasteading Institute</a> to create sovereign nations in international waters, free from the laws of any country.</p>