Archinect - News

From lighting design to custom millwork, a background in architecture creates room for alternative job opportunities

2022-02-08T16:22:00-05:00

Following January's look at architecture's relationship with furniture and product design, we're taking another look at alternative career paths an architecture education can provide. This week, we highlight a selection of exciting job opportunities listed on Archinect Jobs involving wood floor/millwork and architectural lighting at MADERA and L'Observatoire International.

The new Editions de Parfums boutique in Paris. Image credits: Roland Halbe and Maxime Hibon/Courtesy of L'Observatoire International.

When designing any building or structure, several factors come into play, however, an often-overlooked element when designing a space is the power of lighting. While we aren't negating the importance and value of natural lighting, indoor lighting setups play essential factors when illuminating an area and creating an overall mood and tone. For the New York-based L'Observatoire, the firm's passion and expertise started in 1993 with French lighting designer Hervé Descottes.

Since its ...

Pittsburgh is the latest city to join the dark-sky movement

2021-12-29T19:59:00-05:00

The Pennsylvania city announced in August it will become a dark sky city starting in 2022, meaning that it will switch to lower wattage LED bulbs and add shades along bridges, roads and other public areas. It’s the first city in the eastern part of the U.S. to adopt such policies but it joins other cities, including Tucson, Sedona and Flagstaff in Arizona, and Fulda in Germany, in their efforts to reduce light pollution and increase energy efficiency.

The dark-sky movement officially began in 1988, has produced events such as Earth Hour, and is currently expanding into other U.S. cities such as Washington, D.C. and Philadelphia.

Light pollution caused by stronger “white” LED fixtures has been shown to cause health and environmental harm along with negatively impacting the circadian rhythm of both humans and animals alike. To date, Pittsburgh has committed $16 million dollars to streetlight projects which will install about 40,000 fixtures in a period of 12–18 months. The city’s push is also beneficial to the reduction of traffic accidents and sense of pedestrian safety, according to Carnegie Mellon professor Diane Turnshek.

“It’s better for the environment, if you change to these low wattage and low color temperature lights,” she told Bloomberg. “It’s better for people’s health, better stars, and just across the board they’re better.”

SUPERBLOOM is LA's first new streetlamp in almost 70 years

2020-09-04T13:32:00-04:00

In 2019, the L.A. Lights the Way competition invited designers to reimagine and redesign the future of Los Angeles street lamps. Initiated by the City of L.A. and led by the Mayor's Office in conjunction with the Bureau of Street Lighting (BSL), the civic competition winner is Project Room and their winning design SUPERBLOOM. The design brief asked designers to create a lighting system that would not only incorporate new lighting technology but also provide shade and have enough room for text on each pole.

"Project Room’s winning design reimagines the traditional lamp post as a bundle of tubes where each service — roadway light, pedestrian light, and telecommunications equipment — is assigned a dedicated tube fabricated of steel or aluminum. The design allows for additional features, such as 5G equipment, shade fixtures, and even a bench, to be added as needed." Text by L.A. Lights the Way. Image courtesy of Project Room.

Image courtesy of Project Room

According to Project Room co-fou...

Architecture helps memorialize basketball legend Kobe Bryant

2020-01-27T16:43:00-05:00

Many are shaken by the recent news of the tragic deaths of basketball legend Kobe Bryant, his daughter Gianna, and 7 other people in Los Angeles over the weekend. As fans grieve the loss, the city of Los Angeles mourns for Bryant. With the number of accolades and championships Bryant has won during his 20-year career, the impact he's had on the sport and the city of Los Angeles is insurmountable.

Coverage of the heartbreaking incident sent shockwaves through the media, and curiously, during this time of widespread grief, Los Angeles took to its built environment to honor one of the city's most esteemed athletes. On Sunday night, several LA buildings sported the Lakers' trademark purple and gold team colors. Fans across the nation also shared photos of cities repping Laker purple and gold.

Nice tribute! The Gores Group in Beverly Hills lit up their building tonight too. #RIPMamba pic.twitter.com/TGPbmycGai
— ACF in LA (@ACFinLA) January 27, 2020 From @HoustonTX too- our bridges lit...

How lighting design in hotels is becoming less gender binary

2019-12-23T15:17:00-05:00

Brian Orter has always understood the importance of setting the mood and the power of lighting to transform a space or a moment. [...] Today, Mr. Orter runs Bold LLC, a company that provides architectural lighting design for private homes, restaurants, bars and hotels. With a team of 30 people split between New York City and Los Angeles, Mr. Orter has worked with architecture and design firms [...].

The New York Times in conversation with Brian Orter of NYC/LA-based architectural lighting design firm BOLD. The short interview covers the many ways to do it wrong (and the few to do it right) and how hotels are slowly ditching masculine and feminine design for a less binary experience.

The Arc de Triomphe is getting an Olafur Eliasson-designed light installation

2019-06-24T13:26:00-04:00

Olafur Eliasson has been commissioned to make a permanent lighting installation for the Arc de Triomphe, which is due to be inaugurated in 2020. Costing €3m, the project is being financed by the Fonds pour Paris, a foundation set up in 2015 by Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo to restore Parisian heritage and support contemporary art.

Eliasson's proposal is still under wraps, and details won't be available until later this summer or early fall, reports The Art Newspaper.

It will be a busy year for the iconic landmark on the Champs-Élysées, as artist Christo also announced to wrap the Arc de Triomphe in 2020.

How to Determine How Many LED Lumens You'll Need to Properly Light Your Space

2019-05-06T12:30:00-04:00

This post is brought to you by Alcon Lighting

Here’s how to determine how many LED Lumens you’ll need to properly light your space.

How much light is enough light? The question is difficult enough but when faced with having to calculate how much LED lighting you need to create a well lit space, it can become a bit more complicated.

Key Terms

Lumens
A measurement of light emitted by a source, whether it’s LED, Fluorescent, Halogen, or Incandescent. This is also known as “brightness” or “light output.” Your reference point: A standard 100-watt incandescent light bulb produces about 1,500 – 1,700 lumens.

Watts
Not a measure of brightness; instead, it’s a measure of how much electricity (or energy) a bulb consumes to reach its claimed brightness. Each type of light source, LED, Fluorescent, Halogen, or Incandescent has a different lumen-per-watt ratio. Below we’re going to use lumens as a measurement to make sure we have enough light for a space.

Wattage Equivalence
Since we’ve conf...

What color are your office walls? How color and lighting shapes mood and productivity in the office

2019-01-10T15:27:00-05:00

The office is where the general public will spend 1/3 of their life. Unless you've jumped on the "working remotely" craze, many work in office buildings/complexes that haven't changed since 1999. The common color palette of an office is usually a mixture of neutral tones like beige and subdued grays. Although, with the appearance of trending communal workspaces and open floor office concepts, the general public still identifies office settings to resemble sets seen in The Office or Office Space. However, an office's color palette and lighting may be more important than you think. Architects and designers are designing offices that not only look better but interact with the senses to evoke happier and more productive staff.

Office Space (1999) Image © Twentieth Century Fox

Cubical Hallway Image © Great Beyond

Now don't get me wrong, many companies have given their office spaces a facelift over the years by implementing an assortment of "trending" office interior upgrades. Glass wall di...

Through the eyes of Verner Panton; a master of color through contemporary expression

2019-01-03T09:38:00-05:00

If you don't know his name, you probably know of his work. Verner Panton's iconic designs have noted him an innovator in furniture as well as atmospheric design. Deemed the "bad boy" of Danish design, Paton's rise as an icon in contemporary design broke through social convention. His take on design and its accessibility to others was his calling card. Obsessed with the needs of individuals, Panton believed that intelligent design should be available for the masses, and not merely set aside for the wealthy.

A less successful experiment is preferable to a beautiful platitude”

The '60s was a time of the search for the psychedelic and social progress, Panton's design theory and ideals fit well within the needs of the time. Famously said, "A less successful experiment is preferable to a beautiful platitude.” A true optimist in the future of design and social mobility, Panton strived to create objects and spaces that provoked the senses. In his new monograph by Phaidon, writers Ida Enghol...

The history and future of New York City's streetlight system

2018-06-11T20:51:00-04:00

New York’s nightscape is as iconic [...] as it is taken for granted. A city without streetlights is impossible to imagine, but New York’s 396,572 street-side luminaires are as unremarkable as the streets’ paving — invisible until something changes. An initiative to replace sodium and halogen bulbs with energy- and cost-efficient LEDs has thrown the nightscape suddenly into question, as some city residents bemoan the loss of romance (and sleep).

In her piece for Urban Omnibus, landscape and urban designer Emily Schlickman takes a fascinating closer look at the history of New York City's system of street-side luminaires (the largest in the nation), and how the recent transition to LED technology is affecting the city and its residents—both people as well as nocturnal fauna.

Medical experts issue warning about street lights

2017-06-26T12:11:00-04:00

The American Medical Association (AMA) has just adopted an official policy statement about street lighting: cool it and dim it. The statement, adopted unanimously at the AMA's annual meeting in Chicago on June 14, comes in response to the rise of new LED street lighting sweeping the country. An AMA committee issued guidelines on how communities can choose LED streetlights to "minimize potential harmful human health and environmental effects."

There are two basic issues at hand. First, new, "white" LED lighting, which have a color temperature of between 4000K and 5000K, can cause discomfort and glare. This is because the light is concentrate and has high blue content, which can cause severe glare and force pupillary constriction. Second, these lights can impact human circadian rhythmicity, affecting our sleeping pattern. And, actually, it's not just human sleeping patterns at risk—wildlife migratory patterns are being disrupted as well.

Touring Danish playground emphasizes multi-faceted nature of play with modular elements + a smoke machine

2017-04-20T13:06:00-04:00

In addition to conceptually representing the inherent creativity of play, this touring modular playground made up of 35 white cubes mounted on safety rubber also features inlaid LEDs and a smoke machine, making it ridiculously cool for its target demographic.

As Stephan Gustin, one of the designers behind architecture firm Gustin Landscape's playground explains, "Kids are like grown-ups – we are all different, and since the ‘classic’ playground design only considers physical play, it is this variation in personality that is a high priority for My Playground. We created a set of ‘building blocks’ that can be configured in several ways to fit different places. We created these white cubes with refined decorations that have the feeling of a 'non-specific' landscape, meaning that you can create your own story, your own drama and your own fantasy. The cubes will then transform and blend into different environments. This could not happen if it looked like a giant ladybug - or classic swing...

The new Richard Meier Light collection captures elements of the architect's iconic buildings

2017-03-28T20:33:00-04:00

It was only a matter of time until Richard Meier would come out with a lighting collection. Earlier this month, the architect launched a series of stylish indoor lighting fixtures simply named Richard Meier Light at the Ralph Pucci New York showroom. Industrial designer Ana Meier, who is Richard's daughter, developed the collection with her father and L'Observatoire International founder Hervé Descottes. “They’re Ana’s — she did the drawings. My role was to comment when asked,” Meier said in the Architectural Record.

“I was moved to take recurring themes and forms in Richard’s work, and translate them into sculptural objects that are interacted with everyday,” Ana Meier said in a statement about the 12-piece collection, which includes sconces, floor and table lamps, and hanging pendants — all in white, of course. WonderGlass also manufactured some of the pieces.

Some lights depict simple geometric forms while others resemble Richard Meier's buildings like the Barcelona Museum of Cont...

Lifschutz Davidson Sandilands + Leo Villareal to light London's bridges anew

2016-12-13T18:56:00-05:00

The team led by artist Leo Villareal and architects Lifschutz Davidson Sandilands had the winning proposal in the Illuminated River design competition, which will redesign the lighting scheme for central London's bridges across the River Thames. The winners were one of six shortlisted schemes created by notable contenders such as Adjaye Associates, Diller Scofidio + Renfro, and Amanda Levete Architects, who all led multi-disciplinary teams with famous artists.

Learn more on Bustler.

For more about bridges on Archinect:

If London Garden Bridge is cancelled, NAO report says taxpayers could lose £20m

NEXT Architects design a swooping "Mobius strip" bridge for Changsha, China

Calatrava's Peace Bridge in Calgary keeps getting vandalized and the repair costs are adding up

"designjunction has always been a place for visitors to discover the latest trends" - Managing Director Deborah Spencer tells us what to expect at this year's designjunction

2016-08-11T11:51:00-04:00

designjunction is now in its sixth year – what did you originally set out to achieve with the exhibition? Has that changed?

At the time (back in 2011) when we launched designjunction, we felt London was missing a commercial show with more creative energy and a greater relevance to the A&D community. A place where you could business but in a more relaxed environment.

Our mission was simple, we wanted to break the mould of the traditional trade show by taking over ambitious locations on the brink of transformation in central London.

We wanted to present the best cutting-edge design within a carefully curated space, striking the perfect balance between creative and commercial.

Over the course of six years, we have built up a reputation for occupying some of the most ambitious and challenging spaces in London from a 40,000 sq ft disused sorting office to a derelict design school last year.

The move to King’s Cross is an important step in our nomadic evolution, as we continue to raise the ba...

This atlas shows how much light pollution has infiltrated night skies worldwide

2016-06-10T21:08:00-04:00

Where should you travel if you want killer views of the stars unblemished by artificial light?Certainly not the U.S. or Europe, where nearly 100 percent of the population endures some form of light pollution...Italy’s [ISTIL], NOAA, the National Park Service, and elsewhere built one of the most comprehensive atlases of global light pollution to date. They hope their work will set a benchmark for future generations struggling with day blending into night.

You can find the atlas of artifical sky brightness here.

Steven Holl designs "concave response" lighting for new visual arts building

2016-05-11T13:01:00-04:00

"We don't have a single 'style,'" Steven Holl explained in reference to his firm's new four level, 35,000 square foot Visual Arts Building commissioned for the Franklin & Marshall College. "We always try to shape a unique experience, and our approach is the same with this project. We look to create something of this place, to inspire future students."

Influenced heavily by the numerous hundred-year-old-plus trees that occupy the site, the Visual Arts Building is conceived as rising like a kite into the arboreal canopy and features a glass-enclosed forum on the ground floor that allows a clear view from the building's campus side of Buchanan Park.

A variety of faculty and advanced student studios, as well as a lecture hall/film screening auditorium and dedicated film labs, will compliment the project's classroom space.

In addition to geothermal heating and cooling, the project features an inventive, noteworthy take on lighting. In this case, the "building’s light profile is a concave r...

Sou Fujimoto to design immersive "Forest of Light" for Salone del Mobile 2016

2016-03-24T15:08:00-04:00

'I envisage to make a forest of light. A forest which consists of countless light cones made from spotlights above. These lights pulsate and constantly undergo transience of state and flow.' “People meander through this forest, as if lured by the charm of the light. Light and people interact with one another, its existence defining the transition of the other.”

In another collaboration with top-notch designers, fashion label COS has teamed up with Sou Fujimoto to create a nature-inspired installation for Milan's Salone del Mobile 2016 next month. For COS' fifth year of taking part in the design fair, Fujimoto is creating a "Forest of Light" that will exhibit the brand's collection in what could be a mesmerizing combination of light and sound.

"Forest of Light" draws inspiration from the experience of walking through a forest at twilight, which Fujimoto relates to his growing up in Hokkaido, where he was surrounded by nature. Set inside the now-derelict Cinema Arti theater, the installation will comprise of a darkened space illuminated by numerous towering cones of light produced from spotlights shining from above.

As visitors go about the space, the cones of light will pulsate and respond to their movements. Mirrored walls will create a seemingly infinite landscape of "abstracted trees, joining together to form a shifting forest of light." F...

Rejoice aesthetes! New incandescent bulbs are now more efficient than LED

2016-01-14T16:51:00-05:00

Researchers at MIT have shown that by surrounding the filament with a special crystal structure in the glass they can bounce back the energy which is usually lost in heat, while still allowing the light through... Usually traditional light bulbs are only about five per cent efficient, with 95 per cent of the energy being lost to the atmosphere. In comparison LED or florescent bulbs manage around 14% efficiency. But the scientists believe that the new bulb could reach efficiency levels of 40%

Ten Top Images on Archinect's "Installations" Pinterest Board

2015-12-11T18:06:00-05:00

In case you haven't checked out Archinect's Pinterest boards in a while, we have compiled ten recently pinned images from outstanding projects on various Archinect Firm and People profiles.

(Tip: use the handy FOLLOW feature to easily keep up-to-date with all your favorite Archinect profiles!)

Today's top images (in no particular order) are from the board Installations.

↑ Stack in Los Angeles, CA by FreelandBuck; Fabrication, assembly, and installation: Ken Mishima & Juan Lau

↑ Pleated Inflation in Argelès, France by THEVERYMANY

↑ INFINITY in Los Angeles, CA by Platform for Architecture + Research (PAR)

↑ DIGEST in Detroit, MI by AARON JONES ARCHITECTURE

↑ Poiana lui Iocan @ Bucharest Architecture Festival in Bucharest, Romania by Field Trip

↑ TREEDOM in Budapest, Hungary by Atelier YokYok

↑ blow x blow in Los Angeles, CA by Deegan Day Design llc.

↑ "Kinetic Wall" for La Biennale di Venezia/14th International Architecture Exhibition "Fundamentals" in Venice, Italy by Barkow Leibinger; Photo: ...

Cutting across the Chicago Architecture Biennial: Pedro y Juana's living room

2015-10-13T19:11:00-04:00

Mexico City-based designers Ana Paula Ruiz Galindo and Mecky Reuss, professionally identified as Pedro y Juana, have perhaps one of the most visited exhibitions in the entire Chicago Architecture Biennial. Their installation – a network of hanging paper lanterns on pulleys, accompanied by custom-designed tables and chairs – strategically furnishes the entirety of the Chicago Cultural Center’s Randolph Square, also known as “the living room of the city.”

Randolph Square is the main entrance foyer of the Cultural Center, where people come to linger regardless of exhibitions happening inside. As such, Pedro y Juana’s installation had to be ready for use, relatively hardy, and manage traffic flowing in and out of the Center. Their coordinated wire-mesh rocking chairs, sofas and tables became an easy complement to the heavily marbled Beaux-Arts interior, providing a much needed space for reflection, resting and discussion throughout the Biennial.

The lighting system serves more of a soc...

Architecture shapes hyperreal photographic narratives in art collection "Schude"

2015-08-28T00:20:00-04:00

Photographer Ryan Schude's narrative panoramas are as informed by the artist's humor as they are by the structures in which they often take place. Consider "The Saturn," a typical Southern California dingbat that is transformed into a tableau of subjects wondering where they went wrong. There's the man whose belongings are being unceremoniously tossed out of a window by an enraged lover to the woman staring out of her kitchen window to the mildly distressed dingbat itself. At least, that's one reading. Look closer: other stories begin to emerge.

Beginning as an editorial portraitist for a magazine, Schude "wanted to figure out how to do more than just show a documentary aspect of [a subject's] personality. I wanted to tell a story that would be more interesting than the person themselves, and take that concept and apply it to a much bigger scene with actual actors and create another story, depending on the location." The narrative within "The Saturn" evolved as he sought a location....

These "Stalaclights" are a witty tribute to the forever-growing skyscraper

2015-01-28T14:06:00-05:00

Dutch designer David Graas playfully reimagines the natural forms of cave stalactites and the perpetually increasing height -- and number -- of skyscrapers in a collection of 3D-printed bulb shades called Stalaclights.

The Stalaclights are characteristic of Graas' eccentric yet sophisticated approach in his product designs: "Nowadays every major city is dominated by high rise buildings. Their height steadily increasing in time...If you would imagine these cities turned upside down it would look just like stalactites growing from the ceiling of a limestone cave." The shades were also inspired by Art Deco-era styles, when the first skyscrapers forever changed the cityscapes of major metropolises like New York and Chicago.

The Stalaclights are available online for about $210 each (€185.00) on Graas' 3D-printing label LAYERS.

Choi + Shine's BIT Light lets you create a multitude of illuminated sculptures

2014-12-19T16:33:00-05:00

Choi + Shine Architects, who envisioned the beautiful Land of Giants in 2010, developed a new lighting system called the BIT Light™. BIT's name is primarily derived from the Korean word for light (빛) which is somewhat pronounced like "bit" in English. It also stands for Bulb with Integrated Technology and describes its fun modular design.

Each BIT light consists of a low-voltage LED light source encased in a translucent polycarbonate shell. Magnetic connectors enable multiple BITs to be physically and electrically linked to each other and to a power source, while letting users get creative and arrange the lights in literally hundreds of forms. BIT's user-friendly design also makes it easier to adjust the amount of illumination inside a space without needing advanced technical skills or professional assistance.

Choi + Shine is currently working on adding more colors, forms, materials, and connectors to the mix.

Learn more about the BIT Light here.

The all-glass Photon Space could help us get our daily dose of sunlight, and then some

2014-12-08T17:58:00-05:00

The Photon Space is becoming known as the first all-glass modular structure of its kind that addresses the health benefits of exposure to natural light and the importance of those benefits in our contemporary lifestyle — where many of us spend it indoors — and its everyday stresses.

Recently launched on Crowdcube by The Photon Project, the Photon Space is a luxury daytime suite that has a 45 m2 footprint and includes a furnished living room, a double bedroom, and a modular integrated kitchen and bathroom. But what distinguishes the Photon Space is its intelligent glass architecture.

The design of the Photon Space glass is supported by recent long-term research led by Russell Foster, a professor of Circadian Neuroscience and Head of the Department of Ophthalmology at the University of Oxford. Professor Foster's research states that a healthy dose of natural light can help regulate circadian rhythms, reduce stress, and improve mood, among other benefits. The multi-layered, high-performa...

Ten Top Images on Archinect's "Installations" Pinterest Board

2014-11-06T21:13:00-05:00

In case you haven't checked out Archinect's Pinterest boards in a while, we have compiled ten recently pinned images from outstanding projects on various Archinect Firm and People profiles.

(Tip: use the handy FOLLOW feature to easily keep up-to-date with all your favorite Archinect profiles!)

Today's top images (in no particular order) are from the board Installations.

↑ 12/8 Tower in Pasadena, CA by Tim Durfee Studio and Andrew Kragness, amp at Media Design Practices / Art Center College of Design; Photo: QiYuan Li "Oscar"

↑ Pink Punch in Jardin de Metis, Canada by Michaela MacLeod with Nicholas Croft

↑ Wunderbugs - Interactive architecture for insects and humans in Rome, Italy by OFL Architecture

↑ Domestic Hats in Atlanta, GA by Studio Bonner; Photography: Patrick Heagney & Caitlin Peterson

↑ aMazing Corrugation in Los Angeles, CA by Formation Association in collaboration with Los Angeles artists, Edgar Arceneaux and Nery Gabriel Lemus; Photography: Hammer Museum

↑ Shell Pavilion by The...

Editor's Picks #390

2014-10-23T11:56:00-04:00

Amelia profiles the Academy of Neuroscience for Architecture aka ANFA and ponders the lessons from her time spent down in San Diego for ANFA’s annual three-day conference at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. Does neuro-architecture truly hold the promise of translational design?

midlander dreams "I have a hard time seeing how this provides more meaningful feedback than occupant surveys...That said...I can't wait until I can wear some headset that makes revit models of whatever I'm thinking!" while Chris Teeter a regular advocate for the use of the "the old EEG headset" was pleased "great piece and like how you link all your news posts into a feature story..Although, much of what is going on now is data gathering, it is considerably more useful than just survey stats".

For a more speculative version of Deans List, Archinect spoke with Hernan Diaz Alonso, upcoming Director at SCI-Arc in Los Angeles.

News

"Archinect Sessions" a new weekly podcast hosted by Paul and Amelia, releas...

LEDs to be installed in the Sistine Chapel

2014-09-30T12:57:00-04:00

When Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, he did so, for the most part, using the light of the sun that streamed through the windows of the building. And for the past 500 years since then, viewers have admired the results of that work, for the most part, with the help of that same light source. Starting next month...the famous ceiling will be getting a new look in the form of new lights. Some 7,000 LEDs, to be precise [...]

Chicago aims to light up architecture to boost tourism

2014-01-23T14:15:00-05:00

Chicago would be turned into a Midwest version of Paris — La Ville Lumiere, the City of Light — under a mayoral plan showcased Wednesday to boost tourism by spotlighting the city’s architectural wonders. [...] It will start with an “international design competition” that invites teams of artists, architects, engineers and designers to envision ways to light up Chicago’s “buildings, parks, roads and open spaces.”

'Act of Parliament', by Shift//Delete, turns the Gherkin into the world's biggest penis

2013-05-31T17:47:00-04:00

... we have turned the Gherkin into the worlds tallest penis. A penis that is being gratified by our parliament with a sexual act. A 180m high erection for deregulation and global capitalism. We have created this art work for all those that are suffering cuts to their budgets, benefits, working hours, rights, freedoms and quality of life as Parliament perpetuates the age old practice of taxing the poor for the mistakes of the rich.